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Mahavira
Mahavira, also known as Vardhamana, was the twenty-fourth and last ''tirthankara''. In Jainism, a ''tirthankara'' (maker of the river crossing) is an omniscient teacher who preaches the ''dharma'' (righteous path) and builds a ford across the ocean of rebirth and transmigration. Twenty-four tirthankara grace each half of the cosmic time cycle. Mahavira was the last tirthankara of ''avasarpani'' (present descending phase).
Mahavira was born into a royal family in what is now Bihar, India. At the age of 30, he left his home in pursuit of spiritual awakening. He abandoned all his clothes and became a Jain monk. For the next twelve and a half years, he practiced intense meditation and severe penance, after which he became omniscient. He traveled all over South Asia for the next thirty years to teach Jain philosophy. Mahavira died at the age of 72 and attained ''nirvana'' (final release) or ''moksha'' (liberation from the cycle of birth and death). Mahavira's philosophy has eight cardinal (law of trust) principles, three metaphysical (''dravya'', ''jiva'' and ''ajiva''), and five ethical. The objective is to elevate the quality of life.
== Etymology ==
Mahavira's childhood name was ''Vardhamana'', which means ''the one who grows'', because of the increased prosperity in the kingdom at the time of his birth. He was called ''Mahavira'' (''the Great Hero'') because of the acts of bravery he performed during his childhood. Mahavira was given the title ''Jīnā'' (the "Victor" or conqueror of inner enemies such as attachment, pride and greed), which subsequently became synonymous with Tirthankara.
Buddhist texts refer to Mahavira as ''Nigaṇṭha Jñātaputta''. Nigaṇṭha means "without knot, tie, or string" and Jñātaputta (son of ''Natas''), referred to his clan of origin ''Jñāta'' or ''Naya'' (Prakrit). He is also known as Sramana.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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